ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare the effects of different methods on the glucose treat-to-target time, glucose fluctuation, hypoglycemia and insulin doses in the type 2 diabetic patients treated by insulin bump, and to find the best method to make the glucose to reach the standand level safely, fast and effectively in the type 2 diabetic patients treated by insulin bump. Methods; Sixty hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients inadequatly controlled by premix insulin treatment were randomly divided into convention group (n=20), Bolus Wizard group (n=20), and Bolus Wizard combined with monitoring (combination) group (n-20) according to the random number grouping method. The insulin doses of the patients in convention group were adjusted according to the glucose monitoring of fingertip and the doctor' s experiences; the insulin doses of the patients in Bolus Wizard group were adjusted according to the Bolus Wizard software in insulin bump, and the glucose monitoring of fingertip; the insulin doses of the patients in combination group were adjusted according to the Bolus Wizard software combined with real time continuous glucose monitoring system (RTCGM). The level of fingertip glucose was tested. The standard deviation of blood glucose (SDBG) and largest amplitude of glycemic excursion (LAGE) were used to evaluate the glucose fluctuation of the patients in various groups. The treat-to-target time, glucose fluctuation, hypoglycemia and daily insulin doses of the patients in various groups were recorded. Results: Compared with convention group, the treat-to-target time of the patients in Bolus Wizard group was decreased (t= 2. 30, P<0. 05); compared with Bolus Wizard group, the treat-to-target time of the patients in combination group was decreased (t=3. 50, P< 0.05). On the 3rd day of treatment, compared with convention group, the SDBG and LAGE of the patients in Bolus Wizard group were decreased (tSDBC; = 3. 11, tLAGE = 2.54, P<0.05); compared with Bolus Wizard group, the LAGE of the patients in combination group was decreased (tlage = 2. 47, P<0. 05). There were no significant differences in the incidence of total hypoglycemia events (χ2 = 2. 192, P=0. 532), significant hypoglycemia events (χ2= 2.765, P=0. 322) and nocturnal hypoglycemia events (χ2 = 2.192, P=0. 532) among the patients in various groups; there were no significant differences in the average insulin dosage (F= 2. 102, P=0. 131), the non-basic insulin dosage (χ2 = 2.328, P=0. 107) and the percentage of non-basic insulin (χ2= 2.104, P=0. 131) among the patients in various groups. Conclusion: Bolus Wizard software combined with real-time dynamic RTCGM has better effect in the treatment of type 2 diabetes without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia and insulin dosage.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effect of continuous glucose monitoring system(CGMS) in improving the current status of type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) control and reducing the economic burden of the patients.Methods One hundred and fifteen patients with T1DM were randomly assigned to the CGMS group and the self-monitoring of blood glucose(SMBG) group respectively.The patients in CGMS group were on 72 h CGMS every 6 months, while SMBG group only with SMBG to guide the insulin dose adjustment.The levels of blood glucose and the statistics of the number of hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis were taken as the main observational indexes every 6 months.The chronic complication and the statistics of the number of hospitalizations and the total cost of treatment were made as the secondary observational index every 12 months.Results 2 h postprandial plasma glucose(2hPG) and mean blood glucose(MBG) in the CGMS group were lower than those in the SMBG group [(10.7±1.9 vs 11.5±2.7) mmol/L, (9.7±0.5 vs 10.6±0.7) mmol/L, P<0.05] in the clinical follow-up visit after 6 months.The per capita number of hypoglycaemia in the CGMS group was lower than that in the SMBG group[(7.9±2.6 vs 9.2±3.4) times, P<0.05].In the outpatient follow-up re-visit to the patients after 6 months, fasting plasma glucose(FPG), 2hPG, MBG, and HbA1C of the patients in the CGMS group were lower than those in the SMBG group(t=4.71~9.75, P<0.05), the per capita numbers of hypoglycemia and DKA in the CGMS group were lower than those in the SMBG group(t=3.61~4.37, P<0.05).Conclusion The application of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in T1DM outpatient management may reduce the whole-day blood glucose of the patients, decrease the incidence risk of hypoglycemia, and improve the compliance of the treatment while without increasing the economic burden of the disease.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT We developed a pre-clinical model in which to evaluate the impact of orally administered carbohydrates on postprandial blood glucose levels. For this purpose, we compared the effects of different carbohydrates with well-established glycemic indexes. We orally administered (gavage) increasing amounts (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 g/kg) of sucrose and lactose to rats which had been fasted for 6 h or 15 h, respectively. In part of the experiments we administered frutose (gavagem). Three different models were compared for measuring postprandial blood glucose levels: a) evaluation of interstitial glucose concentrations by using a real time continuous glucose monitoring system; b) evaluation of glucose levels in blood obtained from the rat tail; c) evaluation of serum glucose levels in blood collected after decapitation. Our results showed that blood obtained from the tails of 15-h fasted rats was the best model in which to evaluate the effect of carbohydrates on postprandial blood glucose levels.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Administration, Oral , Glycemic Index/genetics , Health Impact Assessment/instrumentation , Carbohydrates/analysis , Glycemic Load/drug effectsABSTRACT
Objective Treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus has always posed a challenge to balance hyperglycemia control with hypoglycemia episodes. This review attempts to outline the application and research progress of real?time continuous glucose monitoring technology.Given the evolution of RT?CGM technologies,it is likely that today’ s more accurate RT?CGM systems will result in improved patient trust and reduced alert fa?tigue,translating into more sustained RT?CGM use,greater use of the RT?CGM data,and better outcomes.
ABSTRACT
Ideal blood glucose control requires accurate insulin injections under the guidance of frequent glucose monitoring.Artificial pancreas (AP),the closed-loop control system can adjust the input amount of insulin automatically with the body's blood glucose levels.The AP allows diabetics to control blood glucose ideal,then get the benefit of prevention of complications and bring convenience and safety in clinical application.Accuracy is the key issue of the AP.To improve the accuracy of such a system need to improve the detection accuracy and reliability,increase speed and accuracy of the output control,and improve the accuracy of the system regulation model.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the value of real time continuous blood glucose monitoring system (RT-CGMS) versus intermittent blood glucose monitoring (IGM) in the critically ill patients under intensive insulin therapy (IIT).Methods A systematic searching randomized and controlled trials (RCT) in databases was performed for meta-analysis by Review Manager 5.2 software.Outcomes were hypoglycemia episode,alteration of mean blood glucose level,the percentage of time at a blood glucose level within optimal target range,and the early mortalities.Results Six studies,totally 531 patients,were included in this meta-analysis.The pooled SMD of mean blood glucose level was =-0.21 (95％ SMD:-0.43-0.01,P=0.07).The pooled SMD of percentage of time at a blood glucose level within optimal target range was 0.20 (95％ SMD:-0.09-0.49,P =0.18).The pooled OR of hypoglycemia episode frequency was 0.20 (95％ CI:0.09-0.43,P ＜ 0.01).The pooled OR of early mortalities was 0.35 (95％ CI:0.14-0.89,P =O.03).Conclusions In critically ill patients under the intensive insulin therapy,RT-CGMS had obvious beneficial effect on reducing hypoglycemic events.RT-CGMS had no obvious beneficial effect on keeping blood glucose level within optimal target range.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the accuracy of real-time continuous glucose monitoring(RT-CGM)system in the type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM). Methods A total of 318 subjects hospitalized between 2013 May to 2014 August were recruited. Each subject received a RT-CGM system. In order to calibrate the interstitial glucose level, finger-stick blood glucose were measured at least four times every day. Patients were divided into three groups according to their finger-stick blood glucose level:≤6.99 mmol/L, 7.0-10.0 mmol/L and≥10.01 mmol/L. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the relationship between the finger-stick glucose and interstitial glucose gained from RT-CGM. Clarke error grid analysis was used to analyze the accuracy of RT-CGM. Results (1)A total of 2, 815 glucose meter values from finger-stick were com?paired with glucose from RT-CGM. A positive relationship(r=0.847)were found between CGM and finger-stick blood glu?cose. The correlation was closer with higher finger-stick blood glucose levels(r=0.457, 0.648 and 0.852 respectively in≤6.99 mmol/L group, 7.0-10.0 mmol/L group and≥10.01 mmol/L group. P0.05). Conclusion RT-CGM provides accu?rate blood glucose values to guide the treatment of diabetes, and the accuracy is more reliable in high glucose environment.
ABSTRACT
Objective To assess the factors that influence the accuracy of real-time continuous glucose monitoring system (RT-CGM).Methods A total of 79 diabetic patients wore RT-CGM for three days continuously while calibrating by interphalangeal glucose values 4-8 times a day.We counted matching rate of interphalangeal glucose values and RT-CGM probe value,and analyzed correlation of the matching rate with MAGE,SDBG,MBG,AUC10,AUC3.9,and NGE by Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis.Then we grouped corresponding match rate by MAGE and MBG,compared the difference among groups.Furthermore,we analyzed correlation of RT-CGM probe values of all-day,fasting-postprandial,and nighttime and the corresponding interphalangeal glucose values by Pearson correlation analysis.Results Pearson correlation analysis showed that the matching rate was negatively correlated with the MAGE,SDBG,MBG,and AUC10.MAGE,MBG,and NGE were in the regression equation.MAGE ＜3.9 mmol/L,matching rate was 81％,3.9 ≤ MAGE＜7 mmol/L,matching rate was 67％,MAGE≥7 mmol/L,the matching rate was 52％,the difference among 3 groups was statistically significant (P＜0.01).MBG＜7.8 mmol/L,matching rate was 78％,7.8 ≤ MBG＜ 10 mmol/L,matching rate was 68％,MBG ≥10 mmol/L,the matching rate was 57％,the difference among 3 groups was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.01).When Youden index was 0.409 and MAGE was less than 3.745 mmol/L,the match rate was more than 75％.When Youden index was 0.369 and MBG was less than 8.38 mmol/L,the matching rate was more than 75％.The correlation coefficients of all day,fasting,postprandial and nighttime probe values and the corresponding interphalangeal glucose values were 0.958,0.963,0.944,and 0.965 (all P＜0.01).Conclusions The probe values show good consistency with the interphalangeal glucose values,are able to be used for blood glucose assessment.Blood glucose fluctuations influences accuracy of RT-CGM,the smaller the blood glucose fluctuations,the smaller the mean glucose concentration,the smaller the effective blood glucose fluctuations in frequency,the higher would be the accuracy.It seems to be more effective to do calibration during fasting and nighttime.